Many people worry about being tracked on the web. Whether its by their own government, another government, or any other 3rd party entity. There are plenty of reasons to stay anonymous, other than the conspiracy theory mumbo jumbo, too, and there are plenty of ways to make yourself *more* anonymous (no one is truly anonymous anymore).
The first method and probably the most popular amongst the popular crowd these days is The Onion Router, more commonly known as Tor. Tor takes advantage of open sourced technology originally developed by the US Naval Research Laboratory. It uses a peer to peer routing scheme that routes your communications through other Tor nodes to help protect your anonymity. There are vulnerabilities, however, and you can read about them on the Wikipedia article.
Another method is a little more old school, using SOCKS proxies. Usually, SOCKS is used in a LAN environment to proxy network communications through a single host on that LAN, but it can also be used on the Internet. You can find open socks proxies (LEGAL WARNING: be careful) and you can make your web communications look like they're coming from some other host. The reason I say be careful is, you never know exactly you're proxying through if you just find some random proxy on Google.
The final method I'll detail is web anonymizers. These are basically just websites that allow you to enter a URL, then that website goes to that page and caches it for you, then forwards ou that page that it just cached. You are probably already familiar with one of these, its called Google. Go to Google Image Search and search for anything, then click on an image and check the URL string in your browser, you'll notice that the TLD is still Google, and you have that Google frame. You're basically proxying through Google at that point.
Here are some more websites you should check out to learn more about being more anonymous on the net.
TOR Links
Anonymizer websites
No, sorry, I'm not giving you any SOCKS proxies, you can find them on your own and NOT hold me responsible for what you do with them :)

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